The U.S. Congress may reconsider Turkey’s reintegration into the F-35 fighter jet program following Donald Trump’s re-election and positive signals in U.S.-Turkey defense relations.
Turkey’s Removal from the F-35 Program
Turkey was one of the eight original international partners in the F-35 program and made significant contributions as a NATO ally. However, in 2019, the U.S. expelled Turkey from the program due to its purchase of the Russian-made S-400 air defense system.
The U.S. government argued that the S-400 system could compromise the stealth capabilities of the F-35 jets, imposing sanctions on Turkey under CAATSA (Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act). As a result, Turkey’s $1.45 billion payment for the program was not refunded, and it was formally removed from the project.
F-16 Sale Reignites Debate
The U.S. approval of F-16 fighter jet sales to Turkey in January 2024 has reignited discussions about Turkey’s potential return to the F-35 program. A report by the U.S. Congressional Research Service (CRS) indicated that Congress might reassess Turkey’s role in the F-35 program, although no official decision has been made yet.
The Turkish Ministry of Defense has reaffirmed Turkey’s commitment to the project, reiterating its request to rejoin the F-35 program or receive a refund for its previous investment.
Defense Minister Yaşar Güler stated that the U.S. perspective had shifted following the development of Turkey’s indigenous fifth-generation fighter jet, KAAN. Güler noted, “After seeing KAAN’s flight, the Americans have changed their stance on the F-35. Now, they indicate that they might provide us with the aircraft again.”
NATO Security and Geopolitical Considerations
Several key factors will likely influence Congress’s decision on Turkey’s reintegration into the F-35 program:
- Turkey’s adherence to NATO security protocols.
- The geopolitical implications for U.S.-Turkey relations and NATO’s defense strategy.
- Turkey’s stance on the S-400 system and its impact on U.S.-Russia relations.
While the U.S. maintains that the S-400 system is incompatible with NATO’s security framework, it emphasizes that resolving this issue is crucial for any progress regarding Turkey’s participation in the F-35 program.
The Importance of the F-35 Program
The F-35 program is one of the largest international defense projects led by the U.S., aiming to reduce costs and increase production efficiency. Before its removal, Turkey played a vital role in manufacturing and technological development. However, its expulsion required adjustments to the program’s supply chain and production processes.
The future of U.S.-Turkey negotiations will likely depend on Turkey’s compliance with NATO security standards and the resolution of the S-400 crisis.
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