Due to budget constraints, the US Air Force and Navy are seeking a new direction for their stalled sixth-generation fighter jet programmes. The US is seriously considering joining the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP), led by Europe and Japan. This potential collaboration could ease the financial burden on the US while strengthening alliances in NATO and the Indo-Pacific region.
With NGAD on Hold, Attention Shifts to GCAP
The US Air Force’s Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) programme aimed to develop an advanced fighter jet to replace the F-22 Raptor. However, due to high costs and shifting strategic priorities, the programme was temporarily halted in 2024. Although Congress allocated $5.1 billion in funding for NGAD between 2022 and 2024, the cost per airframe could reach up to $300 million.
Similarly, the US Navy’s F/A-XX programme, intended to replace the F/A-18 Super Hornet, has also been postponed for similar reasons.
GCAP Consortium Gains Prominence
GCAP, led by Italy, the United Kingdom, and Japan, aims to introduce a sixth-generation fighter jet by 2035. The programme’s three main partners—Leonardo, BAE Systems, and Mitsubishi—each hold an equal 33.3% share in the project. US participation in the consortium could help share financial costs, accelerate the project, and provide key advantages in technology transfer.
Opportunities presented by GCAP:
- A next-generation aircraft expected to be delivered by 2035 and remain in service beyond 2070
- Experienced companies that have contributed to the F-35 programme (Leonardo, BAE Systems, Mitsubishi)
- Integration of manned and unmanned combat platforms
- Potential to strengthen transatlantic defence ties
China’s Rising Threat: J-36 and J-50
Another concern surrounding the US’s decision to halt the NGAD and F/A-XX programmes is China’s recent unveiling of the J-36 and J-50 sixth-generation fighter jets. Developed by Chengdu Aircraft Corporation and Shenyang Aircraft Corporation, these aircraft boast stealth capabilities and high manoeuvrability, posing a serious challenge to US air superiority.
What Would US Cooperation Mean for NATO and the Indo-Pacific?
US participation in GCAP would not only deepen defence ties with Italy, the UK, and Japan but also reinforce NATO solidarity and serve as a counterbalance to China in the Indo-Pacific. During the Trump administration, steps were taken towards this collaboration, including discussions with Italy. US involvement in the consortium could accelerate the project and enable the development of a unified platform rather than maintaining two separate programmes.
